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Variability of the domestic chicken breeds in selected immunological traits of hen and egg
Bílková, Barbora ; Vinkler, Michal (advisor) ; Plachý, Jiří (referee) ; Trefil, Pavel (referee)
The avian immune system is a complex system of defence mechanisms that protect bird hosts against threats from ubiquitous pathogens. According to the co-evolutionary models, variability in immune traits of hosts is the key component providing ability to adapt and enhance their defence mechanisms in presence of constant selective pathogen pressure. Domestic chicken (Gallus gallus f. domestica) is used as a model organism in avian biology and also is one of the most important food-producing animals, not only for their meat but also for the egg production. Unfortunately, in research usually only inbred chicken lines are used and modern poultry husbandry is tight with unilateral breeding towards highly productive breeds. Those approaches decrease intra-population polymorphism in chickens. However, especially in case of farm animals, searching and extending the pool of immune variability and enhancing pathogen resistance is crucial for sustaining healthy and biologically secure populations and their products. Morphologically highly distinct traditional chicken breeds, which have evolved for hundreds years under different selective pressures, may represent this desirable immunological variability. In my thesis I described variability in chosen immunological traits, haematological parameters and proteomic...
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Effect of ageing on haematological and immunological traits in great tit (Parus major)
Krajzingrová, Tereza ; Vinkler, Michal (advisor) ; Remeš, Vladimír (referee)
v III. Abstract (EN) According to the Disposable soma theory, senescence is mainly influenced by adaptive allocation of resources among the physical growth, reproduction and self-maintaining processes, which depend on expected survival of an individual. The amount of allocated resources may be influenced by external environmental factors such as heavy metal pollution or by inner factor e.g. reproduction. The aim of my diploma thesis was to clarify the relationships between senescence, selected haematological traits, reproduction and efficiency of innate immunity mechanism. Moreover, we are interested in the role of heavy metal pollution in ageing and haematology. The heterophiles to lymphocytes ratio (H/L) was used as a marker of long-term stress caused by these physiological expenses. This study summarizes partial data collected within the long-term research of great tits (Parus major) in Prague, Czech Republic, I participated in. We have more than 300 samples of repeatedly captured individuals at our disposal. The structure of this unique dataset allows us to observe changes in the traits of our interest during an avian lifespan. Our results show that during aging, males experience a noticeable increase in the H/L ratio compared to females. Although we have not found the effect of age on the brood size,...
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Variability of the domestic chicken breeds in selected immunological traits of hen and egg
Bílková, Barbora ; Vinkler, Michal (advisor) ; Plachý, Jiří (referee) ; Trefil, Pavel (referee)
The avian immune system is a complex system of defence mechanisms that protect bird hosts against threats from ubiquitous pathogens. According to the co-evolutionary models, variability in immune traits of hosts is the key component providing ability to adapt and enhance their defence mechanisms in presence of constant selective pathogen pressure. Domestic chicken (Gallus gallus f. domestica) is used as a model organism in avian biology and also is one of the most important food-producing animals, not only for their meat but also for the egg production. Unfortunately, in research usually only inbred chicken lines are used and modern poultry husbandry is tight with unilateral breeding towards highly productive breeds. Those approaches decrease intra-population polymorphism in chickens. However, especially in case of farm animals, searching and extending the pool of immune variability and enhancing pathogen resistance is crucial for sustaining healthy and biologically secure populations and their products. Morphologically highly distinct traditional chicken breeds, which have evolved for hundreds years under different selective pressures, may represent this desirable immunological variability. In my thesis I described variability in chosen immunological traits, haematological parameters and proteomic...
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Variability in health state of mice in Mus musculus musculus and Mus musculus domesticus hybrid zone
Bílková, Barbora ; Vinkler, Michal (advisor) ; Vetešníková Šimková, Andrea (referee)
House mouse hybrid zone is a complex of subspecies Mus musculus musculus, Mus musculus domesticus and their hybrids. This hybrid zone is considered as a tension zone, maintained by balance between dispersion of individuals towards the zone center and negative selection against the hybrids. Decreased anti-parasite resistance could be one of selective factors which maintain the hybrid zone. In this thesis, I use hematological methods and skin-swelling test to compare variability in mouse health state within the house mouse hybrid zone. The skin-swelling test is a method measuring pro-inflammatory immune responsiveness. Since the commonly adopted method to perform this test does not allow clear interpretation of the test results, in this thesis I also aim to optimise the test protoco . I found that utilization of concanavalin A (ConA) is more suitable in mice than application of the commonly used phytohemaglutinin (PHA). Assessment of health state of mice by both hematological methods and skin-swelling test consistently indicates increased ability of anti-parasitic resistance in the subspecies M. m. musculus compared to subspecies M. m. domesticus. Hematological examination further shows better health state of hybrid individuals compared to parental subspecies. Our results support hybrid resistance hypothesis....
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Effect of parasites on haematological traits in vertebrates
Vacková, Julie ; Vinkler, Michal (advisor) ; Svobodová, Jana (referee)
Deviation out of homeostasis is reflected by physiological stress and altered immunological activity leading to changes in blood composition. Haematological examination may reveal deflection from the long-term optimum-the state of health. Haematological changes associated with parasitism are in some cases so distinctive that they allow the estimation of the parasite type affecting the host health. I aim to summarise basic methods utilised in veterinary haematology and evaluate the influence of individual groups of parasites on haematological parameters related to red and white blood cells. In vertebrates the most significant haematological changes are caused by multicellular endoparasites. Typical is eosinophilia and increased total leucocyte count. Ectoparasites are usually responsible for decrease in erythrocytes and increase in leucocytes. Extracellular bacteria increase total neutrophil and lymphocyte counts while intracellular bacteria cause decrease in all blood cell types. Viruses often decrease number of erythrocytes and leucocytes and change neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio. Changes in the haematological parameters caused by protists are difficult to generalize and not much is presently known about the influence of fungi on the blood composition in vertebrates. Variation in the effect of...
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Basic haematological parameters and their influencing by pollutants in common carp a review
POLANSKÁ, Daniela
The objective of this study was to describe the methods of determining the main haematological parameters and obtain as much information as possible about pollutants that may influence them. The subject of this thesis is the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). As far as pollutants are concerned, I focused on nitrogen compounds (ammonia, nitrite and cyanide), metals (Zn, Cu, Fe), heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Pb, Cr), petroleum substances, pesticides (organophosphates, triazines and diazines, pyrethroids), pharmaceuticals and natural supplements and persistent organic pollutants. Collected information imply that heavy metals and pesticides have the most important effect on haematological parameters of the common carp. Heavy metals cause changes in haematological parameters and cell anomalies and pesticides may cause haematopoietic failure, which especially means a decrease of number of red blood cells, the concentration of haemoglobin, the haematocrit value and the changes in the presence of different leukocyte forms. This study summarizes the knowledge of the effects of the aforementioned pollutants and highlights the danger of their effect as well as the possible threat to fish health, not just of the common carp. The information dealing with the effects of many pollutants on the blood parameters of fish is missing in available scientific literature.
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Application of Haematological Methods in Zoological Studies
Poplová, Jitka ; Vinkler, Michal (advisor) ; Krulová, Magdaléna (referee)
Haematological methods are widely used in zoological researches. Unfortunately, especially in ecological studies there is often much imperfection in techniques adopted, and misinterpretation of results is also common. This is particularly the case of methods serving to assessment of the peripheral blood cellular composition. In this thesis I therefore decided to describe basic haematological methods, their mechanisms, advantages and disadvantages. I also highlighted possible application potential in several less widely utilised haematological techniques. In the practical part of this thesis I have shown that the examination of immature erythrocyte differential count may serve as a meaningful indicator of health state in birds.
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Vliv stavu a funkce imunitního systému na pohlavní výběr u ptáků
Vinkler, Michal ; Albrecht, Tomáš (advisor) ; Kleven, Oddmund (referee) ; Grim, Tomáš (referee)
Evolution is a most fascinating feature of all living things in our world. The means of organismal evolution are diverse, comprising mainly of natural and sexual selection. Both of these phenomena may contribute to evolutionary adaptations in health and disease. The questions of immunity impact on the process of sexual selection and sexual selection for increased anti-parasite resistance are wide issues of the present research in natural sciences. Their clarification requires multidisciplinarily-based investigation combining a variety of partial results into a single united paradigm. My co-workers and I have chosen several specific issues to study, in order to fill some of the important gaps of the current knowledge. We proposed the Carotenoid maintenance handicap hypothesis to point out that optimisation instead of maximisation of the carotenoid intake and ornamental display may be physiologically convenient for the individual. In Scarlet rosefinch (Carpodacus erythrinus) we confirmed the role of the carotenoid-based ornamental colouration in the process of sexual selection and investigated several partial aspects of the association between immunogenetics, immune function, health and the ornament expression and mate choice. In Zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) we have shown that the present way of...
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Possibilities of the use of peracetic acid in therapy of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)
ŠAUER, Pavel
The aim of the present study was to assess an influence of two different therapeutical concentrations of peracetic acid on selected haematological and biochemical parameters in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Fish were radomly distributed to aquaria and exposed to concentrations of 0 mg.l-1 PAA (control group), 1.0 mg.l-1 PAA (P1 group), 3.0 mg.l-1 PAA (P2 group). Almost total mortality of fish was observed in the concentration 3.0 mg.l-1 PAA during the treatment comparing with the P1 group and untreated control where no mortality was observed. After the end of the experimental exposure of fish to peracetic acid, the sampling of blood has been realised. The samples of the blood were examined in order to determine haematological and biochemical parameters. Consequently, there were no significant differences (p<0.05) in a haematological profile of fish exposed to concentration of 1.0 mg.l-1 PAA. Goblet cells count and size have risen, that caused exposure of fish to peracetic acid. In the biochemical profile of fish, significant changes (p<0.01) in three parameters were found after exposure of fish to peracetic acid in concentration 1.0 mg.l-1. Changed parameters were: aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase. The changes were moderate and it can be supposed that these changes are reversible. No significant change (p<0.05) in haematological parameters points out to the minimum negative influence of recommended therapeutical concntration (1.0 mg.l-1 PAA) to the health of C. idella.
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Acquired hypercoagulable states focus on lupus anticoagulans
ČECHOVÁ, Magda
Hypercoagulable states (thrombophilia) can be defined as a group of inherited or aquired conditions that are associated with predisposition to venous thrombosis, arterial thrombosis or both. Inherited, but also some aquired conditions can be demonstrated by virtue of special laboratories methods. One of those methods is investigation of lupus anticoagulans, which is antibody against phospholipids. These antibodies can cause enhanced blood coagulation, which could later lead to the thrombosis. An appropriate procedure how to investigate lupus anticoagulans was defined.
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